Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare higher-order aberrations between personalized treatment (PT) versus personalized treatment advanced (PTA) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia and myopic astigmatism.Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 eyes of 40 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. They underwent PRK using PT or PTA algorithm randomly. Higher-order aberrations were measured and compared between the study groups pre-operatively and at months 3 and 6 postoperatively.Results: The two study groups were comparable in terms of preoperative higher-order aberrations.Compared to the preoperative values, higher-order aberrations were significantly increased in the PT group (p<0.001), but decreased in the PTA group (p<0.001). Spherical aberration exhibited a significant increase postoperatively in the PT group (p<0.001) but remained unchanged in the PTA group (P=0.57).Conclusion: PRK using PT algorithm resulted in an increase higher-order aberrations. PTA algorithm provided better results in terms of postoperative higher-order aberrations and could treat pre-existing higher-order aberrations.

Background and Aim: It is believed that a period of healing, approximately 3-4 months for mandible and 4-6 months for maxilla, are required to ensure osseointegration. Recently, a new method called Immediate loading of implants have been proposed. This method provides improved stability of the implant by the Immediate support of an iterim prosthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of the Immediate loading single OPILS dental implants.Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients, including 26 females and 13 males, at the minimum age of 18 and maximum age of 54 years old, received 48 OPILS dental implants. In this prospective study, all samples were non-smoking, without any systemic disease or psychological problem. In all cases, and acrylic prefabricated crown was placed Immediately after implant surgery. The definitive metal-ceramic crown was placed 2.5 months later in mandible and 5.5 months later in maxillae. Lack of pain, pus, implant immobility and less than 1mm bone loss were criteria of success.Results: The oral hygiene of females were better than males, 26 women had plaque index (0) and 11 of them had plaque index (1) where as out of 13 male subjects, 4 had plaque index (0), 6 had plaque index (2) and (3) had plaque index (3). The mean vertical bone loss, on mesial and distal parts, were less than 1mm, with the min. of 0 and max. of 0.4mm and the average of 0.2mm. All implants pass the defined criteria of success.Conclusion: On the basis of this short-term study, in single tooth cases, OPILS implants of Neo-Dent system can be loaded Immediately.

Introduction & Objective: Sublingual captopril was shown to be a safe and effective drug to control hypertensive urgencies. However the exact time and efficacy of lowering blood pressure (BP) is a matter of interest and importance. In this study we evaluated the time and efficacy of 25 mg sublingual captopril in lowering blood pressure.Materials & Methods: In a randomized clinical trial 101 patients (34 men, 67 women) with blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg (or more) who had no finding of major organ damage (heart – brain -eyes –renal) were studied by prescription of 25 mg sublingual captopril. Then systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 minutes following drug administration. Data analysis was performed using paired test and SPSS software.Results: The results showed that almost all the patients had some decrease in BP. After 120 minutes blood pressure dropped about 5% in 30%, and 5-30% in 70% of patients, compared to first measured BP. Maximal effect was observed in 25-30 minutes after drug administration: after 30 minutes systolic pressure dropped in 68.4% and diastolic pressure in 65.3% of patients about 5-25%. 47 patients had low response to therapy after 60 minutes, so they received another 25 mg captopril sublingual, which BP dropped in 45% of them. 19 patients were prescribed IV furosemide after 120 minutes. This group had resistant HTN and 25 cases of them were treated with ACEI previously. BP decreased gradually and not more than 30% of first BP. None of the patients encountered side effects.Conclusion: Sublingual captopril is a good, safe, effective, available and cost effective drug, with very low side effects in treating patients with hypertensive crisis. It is recommended to use this drug instead of Nifedipine in all hypertensive patients.

Background. This study used CBCT images to evaluate the suitability of maxillary first and second molar sites to receive Immediate implants. Buccopalatal and mesiodistal widths of maxillary molar inter-radicular septum were evaluated at three different levels (crestal, middle, and apical), in addition to assessments of the root apex and furcation proximities to the sinus floor and comparisons of these measurements between the first and second upper molar sites before extraction. Methods. A total of 427 dental sites from 223 patients were used to measure the buccopalatal and mesiodistal widths of inter-septal/furcal (IRS) bone of maxillary first and second molars and vertical distances from the furcation and from all the root apices to the sinus floor (SF). Results. Mean coronal-most buccopalatal/mesiodistal IRS widths were 6. 52/7. 33 mm for the first and 5. 85/6. 86 mm for the second molars (P=0. 008). Corresponding mean FSD (furcation-sinus floor) values were 9. 69 mm (range: 24. 68-2. 02 mm) and 8. 84 mm (range: 25. 09-1. 48 mm). Mean distances from all the root apices to SF were <3 mm. The palatal roots of the first molars had higher sinus intrusion rates (%28. 85) than their buccal counterparts, while for the second molars, the mesiobuccal roots showed the highest sinus intrusion (%37. 65). Conclusion. In the current patient sample, %61. 7 of the first and %34 of the second molars had a sufficiently broad IRS to encase a-5mm-diameter IMI (Immediate molar implant) completely. The mean FSD of 9 mm for both molars indicated that some sinus floor elevation would likely be needed unless short implants were used.

Background. Immediate molar implants (IMIs) have been shown to provide an effective treatment, but their placement comes with potential anatomically related risks. Methods. CBCTs of>400 dental sites were analyzed for key anatomical features at mandibular molar sites that can impact the placement of IMIs. Features measured included distances from each molar furcation to points risking lingual plate perforation or inferior alveolar nerve (IAC) damage, distances from molar root apices to IAC, mesiodistal and buccolingual widths of molar inter-septal bone (ISB), and thicknesses of buccal and lingual cortical plates at first and second mandibular molar sites. Results. Distances from molar furcations to contact with lingual cortical plates and to IAC decreased significantly from mesial to distal, as did distances from root apices to the mandibular canal. Both buccolingual and mesiodistal ISB widths and thicknesses of buccal and lingual cortical plates increased mesiodistally. Buccolingual ISB widths were largest coronally for both molar sites and decreased apically. The reverse was found with mesiodistal septal ISB widths, which increased coronoapically. Conclusion. Risks of lingual perforations or IAC damage were significantly greater at second molars vs. first molars. The ability to place IMIs in ISB at first molars was estimated to be>twice as often as at second molars. Maximal implant lengths for IMIs placed in the furcal bone should not exceed 10 mm.

People with Parkinson's disease (PD) often have walking difficulty in the advanced stages of the disease and also suffer from balance problems. They perform their functional movements in a smaller range and at a slower rate, which will cause difficulty in performing daily activities. Patients with PD face many difficulties in outdoor activities, community participation, personal tasks, and fine motor skills (e. g. writing). They usually need the help of others. For two decades, a new treatment called Lee Silverman Voice treatment (LSVT) has been used by the speech therapists to treat speech and swallowing disorders in PD patients based on evidence and principles of neuroplasticity. The BIG protocol was added to this method in 2010 (LSVT-BIG). In this method, the whole body is involved and its main focus is on motor skills, which are guided by a physiotherapist and occupational therapist. The main goal of this new method is to improve patient’ s skilled movement in PD, as opposed to the old methods that introduce muscle stiffness as the main problem in these patients. In this method, patients will be required to perform a series of special exercises in sitting and standing positions in a larger range than usual with a specific schedule and in a one-month intensive period. Doing the BIG protocol correctly can make the range of motion softer and larger. The studies also show that the LSVT BIG method is very effective for improving patients' walking patterns and daily activities and significantly increases the quality of life in PD patients. Eventually, the PD patients will be able to perform their motor tasks automatically. Considering the useful results of this method and also the growing trend of its application around the world, it is necessary to enable therapists with this new method and provide more complete services for PD patients.

BACKGROUND: Since the epidemiology of animal bites and the relevant factors in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are of great significance for preventing the deaths resulting from rabies and controlling the rabies disease, the main purpose of the current study is to account for the patterns of animal bites and factors associated with delay in PEP in bitten people. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all animal bites cases in Khaf city, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, and included 553 cases of animal bites recorded from March 2014 to February 2016 in the healthcare centers. Chi-square test (or Fisher’ s exact test) was used to identify the factors associated with delays in PEP. RESULTS: Results indicated that majority of the cases with animal bites were men (79. 7%) aged from 21 to 60 years (48. 5%). Due to the type of animal bites in all ages, the damages caused by dogs (85. 2%) were greater than the damages caused by cats (9%) and other domestic or wild animals (5. 8%). The frequency of delay in treatment was 14. 4% in women and 5. 2% in men (P = 0. 002). The frequency of treatment delay in housewives (18. 6%) and children under 6 years old (6. 3%) was greater than that in other occupations (P = 0. 003). CONCLUSION: According to the current study's results, individuals’ gender and occupation are among the main factors associated with delay in PEP. Therefore, identifying factors related to delay in treatment and providing people with the necessary education by health personnel are of considerable significance in prevention of unpleasant consequences of animal bites.

Introduction: Many efforts have been made to improve Ni-Ti alloy for endodontic use and it has been shown that surface properties and thus cutting efficiency of the rotary files can be improved by processes such as electro-polishing, ion implantation and surface coating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryogenic treatment on cutting efficiency of Ni-Ti rotary files.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 Ni-Ti rotary instruments (Hero 642, #25, 0.04 taper) were selected and divided into 3 groups of 20. In group I no treatment was used. In group II the instruments were subjected to a deep cryogenic treatment in liquid nitrogen pool (-196oC) for 24 hours and after treatment were Immediately tested for cutting efficiency. In group III after cryogenic treatment the temperature of the samples was raised slowly to room temperature for 24 hours. A new piece of test equipment was designed and used. The instruments were attached to the testing machine and rotated in Plexiglas samples for 10 seconds in a working length of 16 mm. The depth of grooves and weight loss of Plexiglas were measured after instrumentation. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used to compare the means of cutting efficacy between the three groups at 95% confidence interval.Results: The instruments which were Immediately tested for cutting efficiency had significantly more weight loss and deeper grooves (pweight<0.001; pgroove=0.022), indicating better cutting efficiency. However, there was no significant differences between group I and group III in cutting efficacy (p weight=0.23; p groove=0.61).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the surface properties of Ni-Ti alloy could be improved by the cryogenic treatment for a limited period of time after treatment, increasing the cutting efficiency of Ni-Ti rotary instruments.